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ADHD Treatment Medication Stimulants are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for ADHD, and appear to boost and balance levels of brain chemicals. They are not able to solve the problem and can only help manage symptoms if they are taken regularly. Side effects of ADHD medications may include changes in blood pressure as well as heart rate, anxiety and tics. Some children and teenagers who take stimulant medications notice a slight reduction in their growth rate. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant and is the most frequently prescribed drug to treat ADHD. It is available in many forms including chewable tablet that is liquid as well as a long-acting oral disintegrating tablet, and an extended-release pill. The drug increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. This can help improve concentration. It may also reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. When used in conjunction with other treatments such as behavioral therapy, methylphenidate may be an effective treatment for ADHD. Methylphenidate blocks the transporters that are normally responsible for removing these neurotransmitters from the brain. The drug may cause an increase in heart rate or blood pressure. People with diabetes should also be cautious when taking this medication as it could cause rapid increases in blood sugar. If you experience any of these side effects, speak with your doctor. Methylphenidate is also known to cause the condition known as Raynaud's phenomenon that causes numbness as well as discomfort in the toes and fingers. This is a rare side effect, but it is important to inform your doctor if you have these symptoms. There is some concern that methylphenidate slows children's growth, but this hasn't been proven to be the situation. If your child is taking methylphenidate be sure to be aware of their weight and height. If your child is taking a methylphenidate tablet, the phenylalanine in it can be dangerous to children suffering from Phenylketonuria. If you suffer from PKU, ask your doctor about different methylphenidate formulations. Stimulants are considered the first-choice medication for treating ADHD However, some individuals have issues with them. In these instances, doctors might prescribe another medication that performs similarly. Apart from methylphenidate there are other stimulants such as dexamfetamine and Lisdexamfetamine. These substances can last longer and are more potent than methylphenidate. The typical dosage is twice or three times daily However, some people may be able to take them more often. Psychological treatments are also available to treat ADHD, but they are less likely to prove helpful than a stimulant. Atomoxetine Atomoxetine is also known as Strattera and is a non-stimulant ADHD drug that boosts concentration while reducing hyperactivity and impulsiveness. It is part of a class called selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. It is a drug that increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine two chemical messengers that control the brain's activity. It is a popular option for adults and children who prefer a different type of medication from stimulants like Adderall and Vyvanse. It is crucial to keep in mind that atomoxetine is not effective instantly and it could take up to six weeks for the effects of the medication to be apparent. There is also the possibility of experiencing negative side effects, such as drowsiness and nausea. However, medication for adults with add of atomoxetine far outweigh the risks for a majority of patients. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study that was conducted on 297 ADHD patients aged between 12 and 18 years old, the effectiveness of atomoxetine was confirmed. The participants were randomized to receive atomoxetine, a daily dose of 0.6 mg per kilogram or 1.2 mg/kg or a placebo over 9 weeks. In both atomoxetine and placebo groups depression symptoms were less. The atomoxetine group experienced greater improvements in ADHD symptoms than the placebo group. However the improvement was not as dramatic (Michelson et al 2001). In a second open trial, 10 ADHD patients who were not responding to stimulants were given atomoxetine treatment for 8 weeks. The atomoxetine treatment group demonstrated improvement in ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo, with scores on the Conners Adult ADHD Scale Investigator Screening version rated and Clinical Global Impression of Severity scales improving significantly. However, one patient developed a rash and withdrew from the study. Additionally, three patients reported intermittent gastrointestinal problems and one patient reported fatigue that was more severe (Kratochvil and co., 2005). Talk to your doctor prior to you start treatment with atomoxetine regarding your medical history, which includes any medications or supplements you take. This includes herbal remedies as well as prescription medicines. Discuss with your doctor when any of the following conditions are present: narrow-angle glaucoma; a thyroid or adrenal gland tumour; high blood pressure; heart disease or sudden death. You should avoid the use of atomoxetine if you've taken an MAO-inhibitor like isocarboxazid or linezolid in the last 14 days, or rasagiline, Methylene Blue Injection, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. Bupropion Bupropion, a non-stimulant drug, can help to improve ADHD symptoms. It can also reduce impulsivity and improve focus, although it doesn't affect the brain in the same way as stimulants. Only prescriptions are approved. Your doctor will decide the best dose for you. Bupropion is available as capsules and tablets. It is essential to take the medication as directed. There are withdrawal symptoms that can occur when you stop abruptly. It's typically taken two or three times a day with a 4-6 hour interval between each dose. The dosage can vary from 100 mg twice or three times a day up to 150 mg three or four times daily. The drug is absorbed by the digestive tract, and then is excreted in urine, meaning it isn't able to enter breast milk. However, it could enter the bloodstream and affect other organs. Bupropion raises blood pressure. It is important to keep it in check frequently. In addition to reducing the symptoms of ADHD, bupropion can also reduce depression. It is also a treatment for bipolar disorder. It works by blocking the dopamine receptors that are located in your brain. medication for adults with add dopamine, from entering your brain. This helps to stabilize your mood. Bupropion can interact with other drugs. Inform your doctor if you're taking any other medications. It's important to let your doctor know if are suffering from any allergies. Also, avoid caffeine or other stimulants, as they could make the adverse effects worse. In several studies, bupropion was compared to placebos for adults with ADHD. These studies produced mixed results, and many were poorly designed. Furthermore, many of them did not include participants with psychiatric disorders. However, the evidence suggests that bupropion has a modest impact on ADHD. More research is required to determine positive outcomes for patients, including the improvement in their quality of living. Before effective treatments can be created it is crucial to gain a better understanding of the molecular forms of ADHD. This includes a better understanding of the relation between the various molecular pathways. It is also crucial to know the way that anti-ADHD medications work in conjunction with psychotherapy. Tricyclic antidepressants When the stimulants prescribed for children with ADHD aren't effective or cause troublesome side effects, doctors may consider antidepressants as a treatment. These medications, such as imipramine and nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor), help by increasing the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain to help people focus. These older drugs may cause serious adverse negative effects. They are generally only used when other medications are not working. The first choice of antidepressants for depression is typically a selective serotonin receptor inhibitor (SSRI) like fluoxetine sertraline, citalopram, or escitalopram. Tricyclic antidepressants are still being used in some cases, despite their long history. These medications are also effective in treating neuropathic pain. They have an additional pain-relieving effect that is separate from their antidepressant activity. They potentiate the noradrenephrine receptor through blocking its reuptake, and they also act as descending modulators for pain pathways in the spinal cord. SSRIs are less toxic and have less side effects than tricyclic antidepressants. They are also safer during pregnancy and do not appear to be teratogenic to humans or animals. If abruptly stopped, they can cause withdrawal symptoms that are severe. To reduce the risk of these adverse effects, your physician may suggest reducing your dose gradually over several weeks. Although it isn't officially recognized by the FDA as a medication for adhd Bupropion is a widely prescribed antidepressant that is off-label for ADHD. It is believed to be effective by increasing neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine or dopamine in the brain, which improves concentration. It is also believed to alleviate anxiety and stress. It can be used in conjunction with stimulants to achieve quicker and lasting results. There are no FDA-approved non-stimulant ADHD medication, however many people find relief from herbal remedies and supplements to their diets. A diet that is low in fat and sugar may help to reduce ADHD symptoms. Some people might benefit from avoiding caffeine. Inform your doctor about all medicines you or your child take as well as herbal remedies and over-the-counter medicines. This can help reduce unwanted side effects as well as prevent interactions. ADHD medication can affect each person differently, and it's often an exercise of trial and error to discover the right drug and dosage for your child or yourself.